OSHA itegeka abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga gufunga, kuranga, no kugenzura ingufu zangiza. Abantu bamwe ntibazi gutera iyi ntambwe, buri mashini iratandukanye. Amashusho
Mubantu bakoresha ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwibikoresho byinganda, lockout / tagout (LOTO) ntakintu gishya. Keretse niba imbaraga zaciwe, ntamuntu numwe watinyuka gukora uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo kubungabunga cyangwa kugerageza gusana imashini cyangwa sisitemu. Ibi nibisabwa gusa mubwenge busanzwe hamwe nubuyobozi bushinzwe umutekano nubuzima (OSHA).
Mbere yo gukora imirimo yo kubungabunga cyangwa gusana, biroroshye guhagarika imashini nisoko yimbaraga zayo-mubisanzwe uzimya icyuma cyumuzunguruko-hanyuma ugafunga umuryango wikibaho. Ongeraho ikirango kigaragaza abatekinisiye kubungabunga izina nabwo ni ibintu byoroshye.
Niba imbaraga zidashobora gufungwa, ikirango cyonyine kirashobora gukoreshwa. Muri ibyo aribyo byose, haba hamwe cyangwa udafunze, ikirango cyerekana ko kubungabunga biri gukorwa kandi igikoresho ntigikoreshwa.
Ariko, iyi ntabwo iherezo rya tombora. Intego rusange ntabwo ari uguhagarika inkomoko yimbaraga. Intego ni ugukoresha cyangwa kurekura ingufu zose zangiza-gukoresha amagambo ya OSHA, kugenzura ingufu zangiza.
Igiti gisanzwe cyerekana akaga kabiri. Nyuma yo kuzimya, icyuma kizakomeza gukora amasegonda make, kandi kizahagarara gusa igihe imbaraga zibitswe muri moteri zashize. Icyuma kizakomeza gushyuha muminota mike kugeza ubushyuhe bugabanutse.
Nkuko ibiti bibika ingufu zubukanishi nubushyuhe, umurimo wimashini zikoresha inganda (amashanyarazi, hydraulic, na pneumatike) zishobora kubika ingufu igihe kirekire. Ukurikije ubushobozi bwo gufunga sisitemu ya hydraulic cyangwa pneumatike, cyangwa capacitance y'umuzunguruko, ingufu zirashobora kubikwa igihe kirekire gitangaje.
Imashini zitandukanye zinganda zikeneye gukoresha ingufu nyinshi. Ibyuma bisanzwe AISI 1010 birashobora kwihanganira imbaraga zigoramye zigera kuri 45.000 PSI, bityo imashini nka feri yo gukanda, gukubita, gukubita, no guhuza imiyoboro igomba kohereza imbaraga mubice bya toni. Niba umuzenguruko uha imbaraga sisitemu ya pompe hydraulic ifunze kandi igacibwa, igice cya hydraulic ya sisitemu kirashobora gutanga 45,000 PSI. Kumashini zikoresha ibishushanyo cyangwa ibyuma, ibi birahagije kumenagura cyangwa gutema ingingo.
Ikamyo y'indobo ifunze ifite indobo mu kirere ni mbi cyane nk'ikamyo y'indobo idafunze. Fungura valve itariyo kandi uburemere bizatwara. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, sisitemu ya pneumatike irashobora kugumana imbaraga nyinshi mugihe yazimye. Umuyoboro uringaniye uringaniye urashobora gukuramo amperes zigera kuri 150 zubu. Hafi ya 0.040 amps, umutima urashobora guhagarika gutera.
Kurekura neza cyangwa kugabanya ingufu nintambwe yingenzi nyuma yo kuzimya amashanyarazi na LOTO. Kurekura neza cyangwa gukoresha ingufu zangiza bisaba gusobanukirwa amahame ya sisitemu nibisobanuro byimashini igomba kubungabungwa cyangwa gusanwa.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa sisitemu ya hydraulic: gufungura no gufunga. Mu nganda zikora inganda, ubwoko bwa pompe busanzwe ni ibikoresho, ibinyabiziga, na piston. Silinderi yigikoresho gikora irashobora kuba imwe-ikora cyangwa ikora kabiri. Sisitemu ya Hydraulic irashobora kugira ubwoko bumwe muburyo butatu bwa valve-kugenzura icyerekezo, kugenzura imigezi, no kugenzura umuvuduko-buri bwoko bufite ubwoko bwinshi. Hariho ibintu byinshi ugomba kwitondera, birakenewe rero gusobanukirwa neza buri bwoko bwibigize kugirango ukureho ingaruka ziterwa ningufu.
Jay Robinson, nyiri akaba na perezida w’inganda za RbSA, yagize ati: “Imashini ikora hydraulic irashobora gutwarwa n’icyambu cyose gifunga icyambu.” “Umuyoboro wa solenoid ufungura valve. Iyo sisitemu ikora, amazi ya hydraulic atembera mu bikoresho ku muvuduko mwinshi ndetse no kuri tank ku muvuduko muke ”. . Ati: "Niba sisitemu itanga PSI 2000 kandi amashanyarazi azimye, solenoid izajya mumwanya wo hagati ihagarike ibyambu byose. Amavuta ntashobora gutemba kandi imashini irahagarara, ariko sisitemu irashobora kugira PSI igera ku 1.000 kuri buri ruhande rwa valve. ”
Rimwe na rimwe, abatekinisiye bagerageza gukora ibintu bisanzwe cyangwa gusana baba bafite ibyago bitaziguye.
Robinson yagize ati: "Ibigo bimwe bifite uburyo bwanditse bwanditse." Ati: “Benshi muri bo bavuze ko umutekinisiye agomba guhagarika amashanyarazi, akayifunga, akayashyiraho ikimenyetso, hanyuma agakanda buto ya START kugira ngo atangire imashini.” Muriyi leta, imashini ntishobora gukora ikintu-ntigishobora gupakira igihangano, kunama, gukata, gukora, gupakurura igihangano cyangwa ikindi kintu-kuko kidashobora. Umuyoboro wa hydraulic utwarwa na solenoid valve, isaba amashanyarazi. Kanda kuri bouton ya START cyangwa ukoresheje panneur igenzura kugirango ukore ikintu icyo aricyo cyose cya sisitemu ya hydraulic ntishobora gukora valve idafite ingufu za solenoid.
Icya kabiri, niba umutekinisiye asobanukiwe ko akeneye gukoresha intoki kugirango arekure umuvuduko wa hydraulic, arashobora kurekura igitutu kuruhande rumwe rwa sisitemu akibwira ko yarekuye ingufu zose. Mubyukuri, ibindi bice bya sisitemu birashobora kwihanganira imikazo igera kuri 1.000 PSI. Niba uyu muvuduko ugaragara ku gikoresho cya sisitemu, abatekinisiye bazatungurwa nibakomeza gukora ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ndetse bashobora no gukomereka.
Amavuta ya Hydraulic ntagabanuka cyane - hafi 0.5% gusa kuri 1.000 PSI - ariko muriki gihe, ntacyo bitwaye.
Robinson yagize ati: "Niba umutekinisiye arekuye ingufu kuruhande rwa sisitemu, sisitemu irashobora kwimura igikoresho mugihe cyose." “Ukurikije sisitemu, inkorora irashobora kuba 1/16 santimetero cyangwa metero 16.”
Robinson yagize ati: "Sisitemu ya hydraulic niyongera imbaraga, kuburyo sisitemu itanga PSI 1.000 ishobora guterura imitwaro iremereye, nkibiro 3.000". Kuri iki kibazo, akaga ntabwo ari intangiriro yimpanuka. Ingaruka nizo kurekura igitutu no kugabanya impanuka umutwaro. Gushakisha uburyo bwo kugabanya umutwaro mbere yo guhangana na sisitemu bishobora kumvikana neza, ariko inyandiko zurupfu za OSHA zerekana ko ubwenge busanzwe butaganza muri ibi bihe. Mu byabaye muri OSHA 142877.015, “Umukozi arimo asimbuza… kunyerera amashanyarazi ya hydraulic yamenetse ku bikoresho bya moteri hanyuma ugahagarika umurongo wa hydraulic hanyuma ukarekura igitutu. Boom yagabanutse vuba ikubita umukozi, imenagura Umutwe, umubiri n'amaboko. Umukozi yarishwe. ”
Usibye ibigega bya peteroli, pompe, valve na actuator, ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya hydraulic nabyo bifite icyegeranyo. Nkuko izina ribigaragaza, irundanya amavuta ya hydraulic. Akazi kayo ni uguhindura igitutu cyangwa ingano ya sisitemu.
Robinson yagize ati: "Ikusanyirizo rigizwe n'ibice bibiri by'ingenzi: umufuka wo mu kirere imbere mu kigega." “Isakoshi yo mu kirere yuzuyemo azote. Mu gihe gisanzwe, amavuta ya hydraulic yinjira kandi asohoka mu kigega uko umuvuduko wa sisitemu wiyongera kandi ukagabanuka. ” Niba amazi yinjira cyangwa asohoka mu kigega, cyangwa niba yimura, biterwa n’itandukaniro ryumuvuduko uri hagati ya sisitemu nu mufuka.
Jack Weeks washinze Fluid Power Learning yagize ati: "Ubwoko bubiri ni bwo gukusanya ingaruka no gukusanya amajwi." “Ikusanyirizo rikurura umuvuduko ukabije, mu gihe ikusanyirizo ry'ijwi ririnda umuvuduko wa sisitemu kugabanuka iyo icyifuzo gitunguranye kirenze ubushobozi bwa pompe.”
Kugirango ukore kuri sisitemu nkiyi nta nkomere, umutekinisiye wo kubungabunga agomba kumenya ko sisitemu ifite akayunguruzo nuburyo bwo kurekura ingufu zayo.
Kubakurura ibintu, abatekinisiye babungabunga bagomba kwitonda cyane. Kuberako umufuka wumwuka wuzuyemo umuvuduko urenze umuvuduko wa sisitemu, kunanirwa na valve bivuze ko bishobora kongera ingufu kuri sisitemu. Mubyongeyeho, mubisanzwe ntabwo bafite ibikoresho byamazi.
Icyumweru cyagize kiti: "Nta gisubizo cyiza kuri iki kibazo, kubera ko 99% bya sisitemu bidatanga uburyo bwo kugenzura ko valve ifunze". Ariko, gahunda yo kubungabunga ibikorwa irashobora gutanga ingamba zo gukumira. Ati: "Urashobora kongeramo valve nyuma yo kugurisha kugirango usohokemo amazi ahantu hose hashobora kuvuka igitutu".
Umutekinisiye wa serivisi ubonye imifuka yo mu kirere yegeranya irashobora kwongeramo umwuka, ariko birabujijwe. Ikibazo nuko iyi mifuka yindege ifite ibikoresho byububiko bwabanyamerika, bisa nkibikoreshwa mumapine yimodoka.
Wicks yagize ati: "Ubusanzwe abaterankunga bafite decal yo kuburira kwirinda kongera umwuka, ariko nyuma yimyaka myinshi ikora, decal ikabura kera".
Icyumweru cyavuze ko ikindi kibazo ari ugukoresha indangagaciro zingana. Kuri valve nyinshi, kuzenguruka kumasaha byongera umuvuduko; kuringaniza indangagaciro, ibintu birahabanye.
Hanyuma, ibikoresho bigendanwa bigomba kuba maso cyane. Bitewe nimbogamizi zumwanya nimbogamizi, abashushanya bagomba guhanga muburyo bwo gutunganya sisitemu n'aho bashyira ibice. Ibice bimwe bishobora guhishwa bitagaragara kandi bitagerwaho, bigatuma kubungabunga bisanzwe no gusana bigoye kuruta ibikoresho byagenwe.
Sisitemu ya pneumatike ifite ibyago byose bishobora kuba sisitemu ya hydraulic. Itandukaniro ryingenzi nuko sisitemu ya hydraulic ishobora kubyara, ikabyara indege yamazi ifite umuvuduko uhagije kuri santimetero kare kugirango yinjire imyenda nuruhu. Mubidukikije byinganda, "imyenda" ikubiyemo inkweto zakazi. Amavuta ya Hydraulic yinjira mubikomere bisaba ubuvuzi kandi mubisanzwe bisaba ibitaro.
Sisitemu y'umusonga nayo irashobora guteza akaga. Abantu benshi batekereza bati: "Nibyo, ni umwuka gusa" kandi babikemura batitonze.
Icyumweru cyagize kiti: "Abantu bumva amapompo ya sisitemu y'umusonga ikora, ariko ntibareba ingufu zose pompe yinjira muri sisitemu." “Ingufu zose zigomba gutembera ahantu runaka, kandi sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ni imbaraga zigwiza. Kuri PSI 50, silinderi ifite ubuso bwa santimetero kare 10 irashobora kubyara imbaraga zihagije zo kwimura ibiro 500. Umutwaro. ” Nkuko twese tubizi, abakozi bakoresha iyi Sisitemu ihanagura imyanda kumyenda.
Icyumweru cyagize kiti: "Mu masosiyete menshi, iyi ni impamvu yo guhita ihagarikwa." Yavuze ko indege y’umwuka yirukanwe muri sisitemu y’umusonga ishobora gukuramo uruhu n’izindi ngingo ku magufwa.
Ati: "Niba hari ibibyimba muri sisitemu y'umusonga, haba ku gihimba cyangwa binyuze muri pinhole muri hose, ntamuntu numwe uzabibona". “Imashini irasakuza cyane, abakozi bafite uburinzi bwo kumva, kandi nta muntu numwe wumva ibimeneka.” Gufata gusa hose birashobora guteza akaga. Hatitawe ku kuba sisitemu ikora cyangwa idakora, uturindantoki tw'uruhu turasabwa gufata ama pneumatike.
Ikindi kibazo nuko kubera ko umwuka uhindagurika cyane, uramutse ufunguye valve kuri sisitemu nzima, sisitemu ifunze pneumatike irashobora kubika imbaraga zihagije zo gukora mugihe kirekire hanyuma ugatangira igikoresho inshuro nyinshi.
Nubwo amashanyarazi - kugenda kwa electron uko zigenda mu kiyobora - bisa nkaho ari isi itandukanye na fiziki, sibyo. Amategeko ya mbere ya Newton akurikizwa: “Ikintu gihagaze gikomeza guhagarara, kandi ikintu kigenda gikomeza kugenda ku muvuduko umwe no mu cyerekezo kimwe, keretse iyo gikorewe imbaraga zitaringanijwe.”
Ku ngingo ya mbere, buri muzunguruko, nubwo byoroshye, bizarwanya umuvuduko wubu. Kurwanya bibangamira urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi, iyo rero uruziga rufunze (static), kurwanywa bituma umuzenguruko uhagaze. Iyo umuzenguruko ufunguye, umuyoboro ntunyura mumuzunguruko ako kanya; bisaba byibura igihe gito kugirango voltage itsinde imbaraga hamwe nubu bigenda.
Kubwimpamvu imwe, buri muzunguruko ufite igipimo runaka cya capacitance, gisa numuvuduko wikintu cyimuka. Gufunga switch ntabwo bihita bihagarika ikigezweho; ikigezweho gikomeza kugenda, byibura muri make.
Imirongo imwe ikoresha ubushobozi bwo kubika amashanyarazi; iyi mikorere isa niy'ikusanyirizo rya hydraulic. Ukurikije agaciro kagereranijwe ka capacitor, irashobora kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi kumashanyarazi maremare mabi. Kumuzunguruko ukoreshwa mumashini yinganda, igihe cyo gusohora iminota 20 ntibishoboka, kandi bimwe bishobora gusaba igihe kinini.
Kubijyanye no kugorora imiyoboro, Robinson avuga ko igihe cyiminota 15 gishobora kuba gihagije kugirango ingufu zibitswe muri sisitemu ziveho. Noneho kora igenzura ryoroshye hamwe na voltmeter.
Robinson yagize ati: "Hariho ibintu bibiri bijyanye no guhuza voltmeter." Ati: “Icya mbere, bituma umutekinisiye amenya niba sisitemu isigaye ifite ingufu. Icya kabiri, irema inzira yo gusohora. Ibiriho bitemba biva mu gice kimwe cyumuzunguruko unyuze muri metero ujya mu kindi, bigabanya ingufu zose zikibitse muri zo. ”
Mugihe cyiza, abatekinisiye bahuguwe byuzuye, bafite uburambe, kandi bafite ibyangombwa byose byimashini. Afite gufunga, ikirangantego, no gusobanukirwa neza inshingano ashinzwe. Byaba byiza, akorana nindorerezi zumutekano kugirango atange irindi jisho ryokureba ibyago no gutanga ubuvuzi mugihe ibibazo bikiboneka.
Ikintu kibi cyane ni uko abatekinisiye badafite amahugurwa nuburambe, gukora muri societe yo kubungabunga hanze, ntabwo rero bamenyereye ibikoresho byihariye, gufunga ibiro muri wikendi cyangwa amasaha nijoro, kandi imfashanyigisho yibikoresho ntibikiboneka. Nibihe byiza byumuyaga, kandi buri sosiyete ifite ibikoresho byinganda igomba gukora ibishoboka byose kugirango ikumirwe.
Ibigo biteza imbere, bitanga, kandi bigurisha ibikoresho byumutekano mubisanzwe bifite ubumenyi bwimbitse bwinganda bwihariye bwumutekano, bityo igenzura ryumutekano ryabatanga ibikoresho rirashobora gufasha gukora aho bakorera umutekano kubikorwa bisanzwe byo kubungabunga no gusana.
Eric Lundin yinjiye mu ishami ry'ikinyamakuru The Tube & Pipe Journal mu 2000 nk'umwanditsi wungirije. Mu nshingano ze z'ingenzi harimo guhindura ingingo za tekiniki ku bijyanye no gukora imiyoboro no gukora, ndetse no kwandika ubushakashatsi hamwe n'imiterere y'isosiyete. Yazamuwe mu ntera mu 2007.
Mbere yo kwinjira muri iki kinyamakuru, yakoraga mu ngabo zirwanira mu kirere muri Amerika imyaka 5 (1985-1990), kandi akora imyaka 6 akora uruganda rukora imiyoboro, imiyoboro, n’umuyoboro w’inkokora, abanza kuba uhagarariye serivisi z’abakiriya nyuma aba umwanditsi wa tekiniki ( 1994 -2000).
Yize muri kaminuza ya Illinois y'Amajyaruguru i DeKalb, muri Leta ya Illinois, ahabwa impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'ubukungu mu 1994.
Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe cyabaye ikinyamakuru cya mbere cyahariwe gukorera inganda zikora ibyuma mu 1990. Muri iki gihe, kiracyari igitabo cyonyine cyeguriwe inganda muri Amerika ya Ruguru kandi kikaba isoko yizewe y’amakuru y’inzobere mu miyoboro.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-30-2021