Rimwe na rimwe, ibice bikeneye gusanwa, ariko hariho amahitamo menshi, nigute dushobora gushushanya tugahitamo uburyo bwiza bwo gusana? Ibi ntabwo bigoye nkuko ubitekereza.
Nyuma yo gukora iperereza kumeneka no kumenya intego zo gusana, gushushanya cyangwa guhitamo ibikoresho byiza byo gusana nibikorwa biroroshye. Iyi ncamake yuburyo bwo gusana ibice bikubiyemo inzira zikurikira: gusukura no kuzuza, gusuka no gufunga / kuzuza, gutera epoxy na polyurethane, kwikiza, no "nta gusana".
Nkuko byasobanuwe muri "Igice cya 1: Nigute wasuzuma kandi ugakemura ibibazo bya beto", gukora iperereza no kumenya intandaro yimvune nurufunguzo rwo guhitamo gahunda nziza yo gusana. Muri make, ibintu byingenzi bikenewe mugushushanya neza gusana nuburinganire bwikigereranyo (harimo ubugari ntarengwa nubugari ntarengwa) no kumenya niba igikoma gikora cyangwa gisinziriye. Birumvikana ko intego yo gusana ibice ari ngombwa nkugupima ubugari bwagutse no kumenya uburyo bwo kugenda kwimuka mugihe kizaza.
Ibice bifatika bigenda byiyongera. Ingero zirimo ibice byatewe nubutaka bukomeza kugabanuka cyangwa ibice bigabanuka / kwaguka guhuza abanyamuryango cyangwa imiterere. Ibice bisinziriye birahagaze kandi ntibiteganijwe guhinduka mugihe kizaza. Mubisanzwe, kumeneka guterwa no kugabanuka kwa beto bizakora cyane mugitangira, ariko nkuko ubuhehere buri muri beto bugenda buhinduka, amaherezo bizahagarara kandi byinjire mubitotsi. Byongeye kandi, niba ibyuma bihagije (rebars, fibre fibre, cyangwa fibre synthique ya macroscopique) byanyuze mubice, ingendo zizaza zizagenzurwa kandi ibice bishobora gufatwa nkibiri mubitotsi.
Kubisinziriye, koresha ibikoresho bikomeye byo gusana. Ibice bifatika bisaba ibikoresho byoroshye byo gusana hamwe nibitekerezo byihariye byo kwemerera kugenda. Gukoresha ibikoresho bikomeye byo gusana kubintu bikora mubisanzwe bivamo gucamo ibikoresho byo gusana na / cyangwa beto yegeranye.
Ifoto 1. Ukoresheje kuvanga inshinge (No 14, 15 na 18), ibikoresho byo gusana ubukonje buke birashobora guterwa byoroshye mumisatsi yimisatsi utabishaka Kelton Glewwe, Roadware, Inc.
Birumvikana ko ari ngombwa kumenya icyateye gucika no kumenya niba gucamo ari ngombwa muburyo bw'imiterere. Ibice byerekana igishushanyo gishoboka, ibisobanuro, cyangwa amakosa yubwubatsi birashobora gutuma abantu bahangayikishwa nubushobozi bwo kwikorera imitwaro numutekano wimiterere. Ubu bwoko bwimvune burashobora kuba ingenzi muburyo. Kumeneka birashobora guterwa numutwaro, cyangwa birashobora kuba bifitanye isano nubunini bwavutse bwa beto, nko kugabanuka kwumye, kwagura ubushyuhe no kugabanuka, kandi birashoboka cyangwa ntibishobora kuba ingirakamaro. Mbere yo guhitamo uburyo bwo gusana, menya icyabiteye kandi urebe akamaro ko gucika.
Gusana ibice byatewe nigishushanyo, igishushanyo mbonera, hamwe namakosa yubwubatsi birenze urugero rwingingo yoroshye. Ibi bintu mubisanzwe bisaba isesengura ryimiterere kandi birashobora gusaba gusanwa bidasanzwe.
Kugarura ihame ryimiterere cyangwa ubunyangamugayo bwibigize bifatika, gukumira kumeneka cyangwa gufunga amazi nibindi bintu byangiza (nko gushushanya imiti), gutanga inkunga yimpande, no kunoza isura yimvune nintego rusange yo gusana. Urebye izo ntego, kubungabunga birashobora kugabanywa mubice bitatu:
Hamwe no gukundwa na beto yubatswe hamwe na beto yubatswe, ibyifuzo byo gusana amavuta yo kwisiga biriyongera. Rimwe na rimwe, gusana ubunyangamugayo no gufunga kashe / kuzuza nabyo bisaba gusana isura. Mbere yo guhitamo tekinoroji yo gusana, tugomba gusobanura intego yo gusana ibice.
Mbere yo gutegura gusana cyangwa guhitamo uburyo bwo gusana, ibibazo bine byingenzi bigomba gusubizwa. Umaze gusubiza ibi bibazo, urashobora guhitamo byoroshye uburyo bwo gusana.
Ifoto 2. Ukoresheje kaseti ya scotch, umwobo wogucukura, hamwe numuyoboro wavanze wa reberi uhujwe nimbunda ya barriel ebyiri, ibikoresho byo gusana birashobora guterwa mumirongo myiza yumurongo muke. Kelton Glewwe, Umuhanda, Inc.
Ubu buhanga bworoshye bumaze kumenyekana, cyane cyane kubwubatsi bwuburyo bwo gusana, kuko ibikoresho byo gusana bifite ububobere buke cyane burahari. Kubera ko ibyo bikoresho byo gusana bishobora gutemba byoroshye mubice byoroheje cyane hamwe nuburemere, ntabwo hakenewe insinga (ni ukuvuga gushiraho ikigega cya kare cyangwa V kimeze nk'ikigega cya V). Kubera ko insinga zidasabwa, ubugari bwanyuma bwo gusana nuburinganire bwubugari, butagaragara cyane kuruta insinga. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha amashanyarazi yohasi no gusukura vacuum birihuta kandi byubukungu kuruta insinga.
Banza, sukura ibice kugirango ukureho umwanda n imyanda, hanyuma wuzuze ibikoresho byo gusana bike. Uruganda rwakoze diameter ntoya cyane ivanga nozzle ihujwe nimbunda ya kabili ya barrale spray kugirango ishyire ibikoresho byo gusana (ifoto 1). Niba inama ya nozzle ari nini kuruta ubugari bwacitse, inzira zimwe zishobora gusabwa kugirango habeho umuyoboro wubuso kugirango uhuze ubunini bwisonga rya nozzle. Reba ububobere mu nyandiko zakozwe; ababikora bamwe bagaragaza byibuze ubugari bwibikoresho. Gupimirwa muri centipoise, uko agaciro ka viscosity kagabanutse, ibintu bigenda byoroha cyangwa byoroshye gutembera mubice bito. Uburyo bworoshye bwo gutera inshinge nkeya burashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugushiraho ibikoresho byo gusana (reba Ishusho 2).
Ifoto 3. Gufata no gufunga bikubiyemo kubanza gukata ikintu cya kashe hamwe na kare cyangwa V. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo, inzira ya maritike yuzuyemo polyurethane, hanyuma imaze gukira, irashushanya kandi isukuye hejuru. Kim Basham
Ubu ni bwo buryo busanzwe bwo gusana ibice byitaruye, byiza kandi binini (ifoto 3). Nibisanwa bidafite imiterere birimo kwagura ibice (wiring) no kuzuza kashe cyangwa ibyuzuye. Ukurikije ubunini nuburyo imiterere yikigega cya kashe hamwe nubwoko bwa kashe cyangwa yuzuza ikoreshwa, insinga hamwe na kashe birashobora gusana ibice bikora hamwe nibisinziriye. Ubu buryo burakwiriye cyane kubutaka butambitse, ariko burashobora no gukoreshwa kumurongo uhagaritse hamwe nibikoresho byo gusana bitagabanuka.
Ibikoresho bikwiye byo gusana birimo epoxy, polyurethane, silicone, polyurea, na polymer mortar. Kubisate hasi, uwashizeho ibishushanyo agomba guhitamo ibikoresho bifite imiterere ihindagurika kandi ikomereye cyangwa iranga ubukana kugirango ihuze ibinyabiziga byateganijwe hamwe nigihe kizaza. Mugihe ubworoherane bwa kashe bwiyongera, kwihanganira gukwirakwira no kugenda byiyongera, ariko ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu hamwe ninkunga yo kugabanuka bizagabanuka. Mugihe ubukana bwiyongera, ubushobozi bwo kwikorera imitwaro hamwe no gushyigikira inkombe byiyongera, ariko kwihanganira kugenda kugabanuka.
Igicapo 1. Mugihe inkombe zikomeye zingirakamaro yibintu byiyongera, ubukana cyangwa ubukana bwibintu byiyongera kandi guhinduka kugabanuka. Kugirango wirinde kumeneka kumeneka yimodoka ihura nuruziga rukomeye rwikaraga, birasabwa gukomera ku nkombe byibura 80. Kim Basham ahitamo ibikoresho bikomeye byo gusana (kuzuza) kubice bisinziriye mumagare yimodoka ifite ibiziga bigoye, kubera ko impande zacitse ari nziza nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1. Kubisatura bikora, kashe zoroshye zirahitamo, ariko ubushobozi bwo kwikorera imitwaro ya kashe kandi Inkunga yingoboka ni mike. Agaciro gakomeye ka Shore kajyanye no gukomera (cyangwa guhinduka) ibikoresho byo gusana. Mugihe agaciro ka Shore agaciro kiyongereye, ubukana (stiffness) bwibikoresho byo gusana bwiyongera kandi guhinduka kugabanuka.
Kubuvunika bukora, ingano nuburyo ibintu byikigega cya kashe nibyingenzi nkuguhitamo ikidodo kibereye gishobora guhuza ningendo ziteganijwe kuvunika mugihe kizaza. Imiterere yibintu ni igipimo cyerekana ikigega cya kashe. Muri rusange, kubidodo byoroshye, ibintu byasabwe ni 1: 2 (0.5) na 1: 1 (1.0) (reba Ishusho 2). Kugabanya ibintu bifatika (nukwongera ubugari ugereranije nubujyakuzimu) bizagabanya imiterere ya kashe iterwa no gukura kwagutse. Niba impagarike ntarengwa igabanutse, ubwinshi bwikura ryikimenyetso kashe ishobora kwihanganira iriyongera. Gukoresha ifishi isabwa nuwabikoze bizemeza ko uburebure bwa kashe ntarengwa. Niba bikenewe, shyiramo inkoni zifasha kugirango ugabanye ubujyakuzimu bwa kashe kandi ufashe gukora "isaha yo kumasaha".
Kwemererwa kuramba kwa kashe bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwimiterere. Kuri santimetero 6. Isahani ndende ifite ubujyakuzimu bwa 0.020. Imiterere yibigega byavunitse bidafite kashe ni 300 (6.0 inches / 0.020 inches = 300). Ibi birasobanura impamvu ibice bikora bifunze hamwe na kashe yoroheje idafite ikigega cya kashe akenshi birananirana. Niba nta kigega, niba hari ikwirakwizwa ryacitse, umutwaro uzahita urenga ubushobozi bwikimenyetso cya kashe. Kubice bikora, burigihe ukoreshe ikigega cya kashe hamwe nibintu bifatika byasabwe nuwabikoze.
Igishushanyo cya 2. Kongera ubugari nuburinganire bwimbitse bizongera ubushobozi bwa kashe yo kwihanganira ibihe bizaza. Koresha ifishi ya 1: 2 (0.5) kugeza 1: 1 (1.0) cyangwa nkuko byasabwe nuwabikoze kashe kugirango ucike neza kugirango umenye neza ko ibikoresho bishobora kurambura neza uko ubugari bwikura buzamuka mugihe kizaza. Kim Basham
Epoxy resin inshinge cyangwa gusudira ibice bingana na santimetero 0.002 hamwe kandi bigarura ubusugire bwa beto, harimo imbaraga no gukomera. Ubu buryo bukubiyemo gukoresha capa yubuso bwa epoxy resin itagabanuka kugirango ugabanye ibice, ushyire ibyambu byatewe mumyobo mugihe gito hafi ya horizontal, vertical cyangwa verhead hejuru, hamwe nigitutu cyo gutera epoxy resin (ifoto 4).
Imbaraga zingana za epoxy resin zirenga 5000 psi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, inshinge ya epoxy resin ifatwa nkigikorwa cyo gusana. Nyamara, epoxy resin inshinge ntishobora kugarura imbaraga zo gushushanya, ntanubwo izashimangira beto yamenetse kubera igishushanyo cyangwa amakosa yubwubatsi. Epoxy resin ikoreshwa gake mugutera inshinge kugirango ikemure ibibazo bijyanye nubushobozi bwo kwikorera imitwaro nibibazo byumutekano byubatswe.
Ifoto 4. Nyuma yo gutera inshinge, capo ya epoxy ikurwaho no gusya. Mubisanzwe, gukuraho igifuniko bizasiga ibimenyetso byo gukuramo kuri beto. Kim Basham
Epoxy resin inshinge nugusana gukomeye, kwimbitse kwuzuye, kandi ibice byatewe birakomeye kuruta beto yegeranye. Niba inshinge zikora cyangwa ibice bikora nko kugabanuka cyangwa kwaguka ingingo zatewe inshinge, biteganijwe ko ibindi bice bizashingwa kuruhande cyangwa kure yikibanza cyasanwe. Gusa shyiramo ibice bisinziriye cyangwa uduce hamwe numubare uhagije wibyuma unyura mubice kugirango ugabanye kugenda. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana muri make ibintu byingenzi byatoranijwe muri ubu buryo bwo gusana hamwe nubundi buryo bwo gusana.
Amababi ya polyurethane arashobora gukoreshwa mugushiraho ibishishwa bitose no kumeneka bigufi nka santimetero 0.002. Ubu buryo bwo gusana bukoreshwa cyane cyane mukurinda amazi kumeneka, harimo no gutera inshinge zifata mumashanyarazi, zihuza namazi kugirango zivemo geli yabyimbye, gucomeka kumeneka no gufunga igikoma (ifoto 5). Ibisigarira bizirukana amazi kandi byinjire muri micro-crack hamwe nu byobo bya beto kugirango bibe umubano ukomeye na beto itose. Byongeye kandi, polyurethane yakize iroroshye kandi irashobora kwihanganira kugenda. Ihitamo ryo gusana ni gusana burundu, bikwiranye nibice bikora cyangwa ibisinziriye.
Ifoto 5. Gutera polyurethane harimo gucukura, gushyira ibyambu byatewe no gutera inshinge. Ibisigarira bifata nubushuhe buri muri beto kugirango bibe ifuro ihamye kandi yoroheje, ifunga ibice, ndetse imeneka. Kim Basham
Kubice bifite ubugari ntarengwa hagati ya 0.004 na 0.008 cm, iyi niyo nzira karemano yo gusana ibice imbere yubushuhe. Igikorwa cyo gukira giterwa nuduce duto twa sima tudafite amazi duhura nubushuhe kandi bigakora calcium hydroxide ya calcium idashobora gushonga ivuye mumasima ya sima ikagera hejuru kandi ikabyitwaramo na dioxyde de carbone mukirere gikikije kugirango ikore karubone ya calcium hejuru yikibanza. 0.004. Nyuma yiminsi mike, igikoma kinini kirashobora gukira, santimetero 0.008. Ibice birashobora gukira mugihe cibyumweru bike. Niba igikoma cyatewe namazi atemba yihuta no kugenda, gukira ntikuzabaho.
Rimwe na rimwe, "nta gusana" nuburyo bwiza bwo gusana. Ntabwo ibice byose bigomba gusanwa, kandi gukurikirana ibice bishobora kuba inzira nziza. Nibiba ngombwa, ibice bishobora gusanwa nyuma.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-03-2021