Niba warigeze kwicara kumeza yo gusangira wobbly, ugasuka vino mubirahuri bikagutera gusuka inyanya za cheri kurundi ruhande rwicyumba, uzamenya uburyo hasi ya wavy itorohewe.
Ariko mububiko bunini, ububiko, inganda, nibikorwa byinganda, igorofa nuburinganire (FF / FL) birashobora kuba ikibazo cyatsinzwe cyangwa kunanirwa, bigira ingaruka kumikorere yinyubako yagenewe. Ndetse no mumazu asanzwe atuyemo nubucuruzi, amagorofa ataringaniye arashobora guhindura imikorere, bigatera ibibazo kubitwikiriye hasi nibishobora guteza akaga.
Urwego, kuba hafi yubutaka bugana ahabigenewe, hamwe nuburinganire, urugero rwo gutandukana kwubuso buva mu ndege-ebyiri, byabaye ibintu byingenzi mubwubatsi. Kubwamahirwe, uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima burashobora gutahura ibibazo hamwe nuburinganire neza kuruta ijisho ryabantu. Uburyo bugezweho butwemerera kubikora hafi ako kanya; kurugero, mugihe beto iracyakoreshwa kandi irashobora gukosorwa mbere yo gukomera. Igorofa ya etage iroroshye, byihuse, kandi byoroshye kubigeraho kuruta mbere hose. Igerwaho binyuze muburyo budashoboka bwo guhuza beto na mudasobwa.
Ameza yo gufungura ashobora kuba "yarakosowe" mugusunika ukuguru hamwe nagasanduku gahuza, kuzuza neza ingingo yo hasi, nikibazo cyindege. Niba umugati wawe wikuye kumeza wenyine, urashobora kandi gukemura ibibazo byo murwego rwo hasi.
Ariko ingaruka zo kuringaniza no kuringaniza birenze kure ibyoroshye. Tugarutse mububiko burebure, igorofa ntirishobora gushyigikira neza igice cya metero 20 z'uburebure hamwe na toni yibintu. Irashobora guteza akaga gakomeye kubayikoresha cyangwa kuyinyuramo. Iterambere rigezweho ryububiko, amakamyo ya pneumatike pallet, yishingikiriza cyane kuri etage, igorofa. Ibi bikoresho bitwarwa n'intoki birashobora guterura ibiro 750 by'imitwaro ya pallet kandi bigakoresha umusego woguhumeka kugirango ushigikire uburemere bwose kugirango umuntu umwe abashe kubisunika mukiganza. Irakeneye igorofa cyane, igorofa kugirango ikore neza.
Kureshya nabyo ni ngombwa kubibaho byose bizaba bitwikiriwe nubutaka bukomeye butwikiriye ibikoresho nkamabuye cyangwa amabati. Ndetse ibipfundikizo byoroshye nka vinyl compile tile (VCT) bifite ikibazo cyamagorofa ataringaniye, akunda kuzamurwa cyangwa gutandukana burundu, bishobora gutera impanuka zigenda, gutontoma cyangwa ubusa, hamwe nubushuhe buterwa no gukaraba hasi Guteranya no gushyigikira gukura. ibumba na bagiteri. Kera cyangwa gishya, igorofa nziza ni nziza.
Imiraba iri muri plaque ya beto irashobora gutondekwa mugusya ingingo ndende, ariko umuzimu wumuraba urashobora gukomeza gutinda hasi. Rimwe na rimwe uzabibona mububiko bwububiko: hasi irareshya cyane, ariko irasa nkumuhengeri munsi yamatara ya sodium yumuvuduko mwinshi.
Niba hasi ya beto igenewe gushyirwa ahagaragara-kurugero, yagenewe gusiga irangi no gusya, ubuso bukomeza hamwe nibintu bifatika ni ngombwa. Kuzuza ibibanza bito hamwe na toppings ntabwo ari amahitamo kuko ntabwo bizahura. Gusa ubundi buryo bwo guhitamo ni ugukuraho ingingo ndende.
Ariko gusya mu kibaho birashobora guhindura uburyo ifata kandi bikagaragaza urumuri. Ubuso bwa beto bugizwe numucanga (agregate nziza), urutare (coarse agregate) hamwe na sima. Iyo isahani itose ishyizwe, inzira ya trowel isunika coarser igiteranya ahantu himbitse hejuru yubuso, kandi igiteranyo cyiza, sima na laitance byibanze hejuru. Ibi bibaho utitaye ko ubuso buringaniye rwose cyangwa bugoramye.
Iyo usya 1/8 santimetero uhereye hejuru, uzakuramo ifu nziza na laitance, ibikoresho byifu, hanyuma utangire gushira umucanga kuri matrise ya sima. Gusya kure, kandi uzashyira ahagaragara igice cyambukiranya urutare hamwe ninshi. Niba usya gusa ahantu hirengeye, umusenyi nigitare bizagaragara muri utwo turere, kandi imirongo yerekanwe hamwe ituma izo ngingo ndende zidapfa, zigasimburana hamwe nu murongo utameze neza wa grout imirongo aho ingingo zo hasi ziri.
Ibara ryubuso bwumwimerere riratandukanye nigice cya 1/8 santimetero cyangwa munsi, kandi birashobora kwerekana urumuri muburyo butandukanye. Ibara ryamabara yoroheje risa ningingo ndende, kandi imirongo yijimye hagati yabo isa nkinkono, arizo "imyuka" igaragara yumuraba yakuweho na gride. Ubutaka bwa beto mubusanzwe buroroshye cyane kurenza umwimerere wa trowel yumwimerere, kuburyo imirongo ishobora kwitwara muburyo butandukanye kumarangi hamwe nibara, bityo biragoye kurangiza ikibazo mukoresheje amabara. Niba udatoboye imiraba mugihe cyo kurangiza neza, barashobora kongera kukubabaza.
Kumyaka mirongo, uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura FF / FL nuburyo bwa metero 10 bugororotse. Umutegetsi ashyirwa hasi, kandi niba hari icyuho munsi yacyo, uburebure bwazo buzapimwa. Ubworoherane busanzwe ni 1/8.
Sisitemu yo gupima intoki rwose iratinda kandi irashobora kuba idahwitse cyane, kuko mubisanzwe abantu babiri bapima uburebure bumwe muburyo butandukanye. Ariko ubu ni bwo buryo bwashyizweho, kandi ibisubizo bigomba kwemerwa nk "byiza bihagije." Mu myaka ya za 70, ibi ntibyari bikiri byiza bihagije.
Kurugero, kugaragara mububiko burebure bwububiko bwatumye FF / FL ibeshya cyane. Mu 1979, Allen Face yashyizeho uburyo bwo kubara bwo gusuzuma ibiranga amagorofa. Ubu buryo bukunze kwitwa nimero ya etage, cyangwa muburyo busanzwe nka "sisitemu yo kubara hejuru yububiko."
Isura yakoze kandi igikoresho cyo gupima ibiranga igorofa, “igorofa yo hasi”, izina ry'ubucuruzi ni Dipstick.
Sisitemu ya sisitemu nuburyo bwo gupima nibyo shingiro rya ASTM E1155, yakozwe ku bufatanye n’ikigo cy’abanyamerika gishinzwe beto (ACI), kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima igorofa ya FF na nimero ya FL hasi.
Umwirondoro nigikoresho cyintoki cyemerera umukoresha kugenda hasi no kubona amakuru yamakuru kuri santimetero 12. Mubyigisho, irashobora kwerekana amagorofa atagira ingano (niba ufite umwanya utagira ingano utegereje numero yawe ya FF / FL). Nukuri kurenza uburyo bwumutegetsi kandi byerekana intangiriro yo gupima uburinganire bugezweho.
Ariko, umwirondoro ufite aho ugarukira. Ku ruhande rumwe, zirashobora gukoreshwa gusa kuri beto ikomeye. Ibi bivuze ko gutandukana kwose kubisobanuro bigomba gukosorwa nkumuhamagaro. Ahantu hirengeye harashobora guhagarara, ahantu hake harashobora kuzuzwa hejuru, ariko ibi nibikorwa byose byo gukosora, bizatwara amafaranga ya rwiyemezamirimo wa beto, kandi bizatwara igihe cyumushinga. Mubyongeyeho, gupima ubwabyo ninzira itinda, yongeraho igihe kinini, kandi mubisanzwe ikorwa ninzobere-zindi, yongeraho ibiciro byinshi.
Gusikana Laser byahinduye gukurikirana uburinganire nuburinganire bwa etage. Nubwo lazeri ubwayo yatangiriye mu myaka ya za 1960, imihindagurikire yayo yo gusikana ahazubakwa ni shyashya.
Scaneri ya laser ikoresha urumuri rwibanze cyane kugirango ipime umwanya wubuso bugaragara hafi yacyo, ntabwo ari hasi gusa, ahubwo no hafi yamakuru ya 360º yerekana amakuru hafi no munsi yigikoresho. Ihitamo buri ngingo mumwanya-itatu. Niba umwanya wa scaneri uhujwe numwanya wuzuye (nkamakuru ya GPS), izi ngingo zirashobora guhagarikwa nkimyanya yihariye kuri iyi si.
Scanner data irashobora kwinjizwa muburyo bwo kubaka amakuru (BIM). Irashobora gukoreshwa mubikenewe bitandukanye, nko gupima icyumba cyangwa no gukora moderi ya mudasobwa yubatswe. Kubireba FF / FL, gusikana laser bifite ibyiza byinshi kurenza gupima imashini. Imwe mu nyungu nini nuko ishobora gukorwa mugihe beto ikiri nshya kandi ikoreshwa.
Scaneri yandika amanota 300.000 kugeza 2.000.000 kumasegonda kandi mubisanzwe ikora muminota 1 kugeza 10, bitewe nubucucike bwamakuru. Umuvuduko wakazi wacyo urihuta cyane, uburinganire nuburinganire birashobora kuboneka ako kanya nyuma yo kuringaniza, kandi birashobora gukosorwa mbere yuko icyapa gikomera. Mubisanzwe: kuringaniza, gusikana, kongera kuringaniza nibiba ngombwa, kongera gusikana, kongera kuringaniza nibiba ngombwa, bifata iminota mike. Ntabwo uzongera gusya no kuzuza, nta kongera guhamagarwa. Ifasha imashini isoza kurangiza kubyara ubutaka kumunsi wambere. Igihe nigiciro cyo kuzigama ni ngombwa.
Kuva ku bategetsi kugeza kuri profiliers kugeza kuri laser scaneri, siyanse yo gupima igorofa hasi yinjiye mu gisekuru cya gatatu; tuyita uburinganire 3.0. Ugereranije n'umutegetsi wa metero 10, guhimba umwirondoro byerekana gusimbuka gukomeye muburyo burambuye kandi burambuye bwamakuru. Scaneri ya Laser ntabwo irusheho kunoza ubunyangamugayo nibisobanuro, ahubwo irerekana ubundi bwoko bwo gusimbuka.
Byombi byerekana imyirondoro hamwe na laser scaneri birashobora kugera kubwukuri busabwa nubutaka bwa none. Ariko, ugereranije na profilers, gusikana laser bizamura umurongo ukurikije umuvuduko wo gupima, amakuru arambuye, hamwe nigihe gikwiye nigisubizo cyibisubizo. Umwirondoro akoresha inclinometero kugirango apime uburebure, nigikoresho gipima inguni ugereranije nindege itambitse. Umwirondoro ni agasanduku gafite ibirenge bibiri hepfo, neza na santimetero 12, hamwe nigitambambuga kirekire umukoresha ashobora gufata mugihe ahagaze. Umuvuduko wa profili ugarukira kumuvuduko wigikoresho cyamaboko.
Umukoresha agenda ku kibaho kumurongo ugororotse, yimura igikoresho cya santimetero 12 icyarimwe, mubisanzwe intera ya buri rugendo iba ingana n'ubugari bw'icyumba. Bisaba kwiruka byinshi mubyerekezo byombi kugirango ukusanyirize hamwe ingero zifatika zujuje ibyangombwa byibuze bisabwa bya ASTM. Igikoresho gipima impande zihagaritse kuri buri ntambwe kandi gihindura izo mpande muburyo bwo hejuru. Umwirondoro kandi afite igihe ntarengwa: irashobora gukoreshwa nyuma ya beto ikomeye.
Gusesengura ijambo mubisanzwe bikorwa na serivisi yundi muntu. Bagenda hasi bagatanga raporo ejobundi cyangwa nyuma. Niba raporo yerekana ibibazo byose byo hejuru bidafite ibisobanuro, bigomba gukosorwa. Byumvikane ko, kubintu byakomye, amahitamo yo kugarukira kugarukira cyangwa kuzuza hejuru, ukeka ko atari imitako igaragara neza. Izi nzira zombi zirashobora gutera gutinda kuminsi myinshi. Hanyuma, ijambo rigomba kongera kwandikwa kugirango ryuzuze inyandiko.
Scaneri ya Laser ikora vuba. Bapima umuvuduko wurumuri. Scaneri ya lazeri ikoresha uburyo bwo kwerekana laser kugirango ibone isura igaragara hafi yayo. Irasaba ingingo zamakuru murwego rwa santimetero 0.1-0.5 (ubwinshi bwamakuru aruta kure cyane ya profili ntarengwa ya santimetero 12).
Buri scaneri yamakuru yerekana umwanya mumwanya wa 3D kandi irashobora kwerekanwa kuri mudasobwa, nkicyitegererezo cya 3D. Gusikana Laser ikusanya amakuru menshi kuburyo iyerekwa risa nkifoto. Niba bikenewe, aya makuru ntashobora gukora gusa ikarita yo hejuru yubutaka, ariko kandi irashobora kwerekana neza icyumba cyose.
Bitandukanye namafoto, irashobora kuzunguruka kugirango yerekane umwanya kuva impande zose. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugupima neza umwanya, cyangwa kugereranya nkibintu byubatswe hamwe nigishushanyo cyangwa imiterere yubwubatsi. Nubwo, nubwo amakuru menshi ari menshi, scaneri irihuta cyane, yandika amanota agera kuri miliyoni 2 kumasegonda. Gusikana byose mubisanzwe bifata iminota mike.
Igihe kirashobora gutsinda amafaranga. Iyo gusuka no kurangiza beto itose, igihe nikintu cyose. Bizagira ingaruka kumiterere ihoraho yicyapa. Igihe gikenewe kugirango ijambo ryuzuzwe kandi ryiteguye kunyuramo rishobora guhindura igihe cyibindi bikorwa byinshi kurubuga rwakazi.
Iyo ushyize igorofa rishya, hafi yigihe-nyacyo cyamakuru ya laser yogusuzuma amakuru agira ingaruka nini muburyo bwo kugera kuburinganire. FF / FL irashobora gusuzumwa no gukosorwa ahantu heza mu kubaka igorofa: mbere yuko hasi ikomera. Ibi bifite urukurikirane rwingaruka zingirakamaro. Ubwa mbere, bivanaho gutegereza hasi kugirango imirimo irangire, bivuze ko ijambo ritazafata ahasigaye hubakwa.
Niba ushaka gukoresha umwirondoro kugirango ugenzure hasi, ugomba kubanza gutegereza ko hasi ikomera, hanyuma ugategura serivisi yumwirondoro kurubuga rwo gupimwa, hanyuma ugategereza raporo ya ASTM E1155. Ugomba noneho gutegereza ibibazo byose byuburinganire bikosorwa, hanyuma utegure isesengura nanone, hanyuma utegereze raporo nshya.
Gusikana Laser bibaho mugihe icyapa gishyizwe, kandi ikibazo gikemurwa mugihe cyo kurangiza neza. Icyapa gishobora gusikanwa ako kanya nyuma yo gukomera kugirango cyubahirizwe, kandi raporo irashobora kurangizwa kumunsi umwe. Ubwubatsi burashobora gukomeza.
Gusikana Laser bigufasha kugera kubutaka byihuse. Irema kandi ubuso bufatika hamwe no gukomera no kuba inyangamugayo. Isahani iringaniye kandi iringaniye izaba ifite ubuso bumwe mugihe iracyakoreshwa kuruta isahani igomba gutondekwa cyangwa kuringanizwa no kuzuza. Bizaba bifite isura ihamye. Bizaba bifite icyerekezo kimwe hejuru yubuso, bushobora kugira ingaruka kubisubizo byambarwa, ibifatika, hamwe nubundi buryo bwo kuvura. Niba ubuso bwarashwanyagujwe kugirango busige kandi busukure, bizagaragaza igiteranyo kiringaniye hasi, kandi ubuso bushobora kwitabira byimazeyo kandi byateganijwe kubikorwa byo gusiga no gusiga.
Scaneri ya Laser ikusanya amamiriyoni yamakuru, ariko ntakindi, ingingo mumwanya-itatu. Kubikoresha, ukeneye software ishobora kubitunganya no kubitanga. Porogaramu ya scaneri ihuza amakuru muburyo butandukanye bwingirakamaro kandi irashobora gutangwa kuri mudasobwa igendanwa kurubuga rwakazi. Itanga uburyo itsinda ryubwubatsi ryerekana ishusho hasi, kwerekana ibibazo byose, kubihuza nu mwanya nyirizina hasi, no kuvuga uburebure bugomba kumanurwa cyangwa kwiyongera. Igihe nyacyo.
Porogaramu za software nka Rithm ya ClearEdge3D ya Navisworks itanga inzira zitandukanye zo kureba amakuru yo hasi. Rithm ya Navisworks irashobora kwerekana "ikarita yubushyuhe" yerekana uburebure bwa etage mumabara atandukanye. Irashobora kwerekana amakarita ya kontour, asa namakarita ya topografiya yakozwe nabashakashatsi, aho urukurikirane rw'imirongo rusobanura uburebure bukomeza. Irashobora kandi gutanga ASTM E1155 ibyangombwa byujuje iminota mike aho kuba iminsi.
Hamwe nibi bikoresho biri muri software, scaneri irashobora gukoreshwa neza kubikorwa bitandukanye, ntabwo urwego rwa etage gusa. Itanga icyitegererezo cyibipimo byubatswe bishobora koherezwa mubindi bikorwa. Kubikorwa byo kuvugurura, ibishushanyo byubatswe birashobora kugereranwa ninyandiko zishushanyije kugirango zifashe kumenya niba hari impinduka. Irashobora kurenga ku gishushanyo gishya kugirango ifashe kwiyumvisha impinduka. Mu nyubako nshya, irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango igenzure neza intego igamije.
Hafi yimyaka 40, ikibazo gishya cyinjiye mumazu yabantu benshi. Kuva icyo gihe, iyi mbogamizi yabaye ikimenyetso cyubuzima bwa none. Porogaramu yerekana amashusho (VCR) ihatira abaturage basanzwe kwiga gukorana na sisitemu ya logique. Guhumbya "12:00, 12:00, 12:00 ″ za miriyoni za mashusho yerekana amashusho adateganya kwerekana ingorane zo kwiga iyi interface.
Buri porogaramu nshya ya software ifite umurongo wo kwiga. Niba ubikora murugo, urashobora gutanyagura umusatsi no gutukana nkuko bikenewe, kandi inyigisho nshya ya software izagutwara igihe kinini nyuma ya saa sita zidafite akazi. Niba wiga isura nshya kumurimo, bizadindiza indi mirimo myinshi kandi irashobora kuganisha kumakosa ahenze. Ibihe byiza byo kumenyekanisha porogaramu nshya ni ugukoresha interineti isanzwe ikoreshwa cyane.
Nubuhe buryo bwihuse bwo kwiga porogaramu nshya ya mudasobwa? Uwo usanzwe uzi. Byatwaye imyaka irenga icumi kugirango hubakwe amakuru yerekana amakuru ashyirwaho neza mububatsi naba injeniyeri, ariko ubu bigeze. Byongeye kandi, muguhinduka imiterere isanzwe yo gukwirakwiza inyandiko zubwubatsi, byabaye ikintu cyambere kubasezerana kurubuga.
Ihuriro rya BIM risanzwe ryubatswe ritanga umuyoboro wateguwe wo kumenyekanisha porogaramu nshya (nka software ya scaneri). Kwiga umurongo byahindutse neza kuko abitabiriye amahugurwa basanzwe bamenyereye urubuga. Bakeneye gusa kwiga ibintu bishya bishobora kuvanamo, kandi barashobora gutangira gukoresha amakuru mashya yatanzwe na porogaramu byihuse, nkamakuru ya scaneri. ClearEdge3D yabonye umwanya wo gukora progaramu ya scaneri yubahwa cyane Rith iboneka kubibanza byinshi byubaka muguhuza na Navisworks. Nka kimwe mu bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byo guhuza imishinga, Autodesk Navisworks yahindutse inganda zinganda. Ari ahubakwa mu gihugu hose. Noneho, irashobora kwerekana scaneri amakuru kandi ifite intera nini yo gukoresha.
Iyo scaneri ikusanya amamiriyoni yamakuru, ni ingingo zose mumwanya wa 3D. Porogaramu ya Scanner nka Rithm ya Navisworks ishinzwe kwerekana aya makuru muburyo ushobora gukoresha. Irashobora kwerekana ibyumba nkibintu byamakuru, ntibisikana gusa aho biherereye, ariko kandi nuburemere (umucyo) wibitekerezo hamwe nibara ryubuso, kuburyo kureba bisa nifoto.
Nyamara, urashobora kuzenguruka kureba no kureba umwanya uhereye impande zose, kuzenguruka nka moderi ya 3D, ndetse no kubipima. Kuri FF / FL, imwe mumashusho azwi cyane kandi yingirakamaro ni ikarita yubushyuhe, yerekana ijambo muburyo bwo kureba. Ingingo zo hejuru hamwe nu ngingo zo hasi zerekanwa mumabara atandukanye (rimwe na rimwe bita ibara ryibara ryibinyoma), kurugero, umutuku ugereranya ingingo ndende naho ubururu bugereranya amanota make.
Urashobora gukora ibipimo nyabyo uhereye ku ikarita yubushyuhe kugirango umenye neza umwanya uhuye na etage. Niba scan yerekana ibibazo byuburinganire, ikarita yubushyuhe nuburyo bwihuse bwo kubishakisha no kubikemura, kandi nuburyo bwatoranijwe kubisesengura kurubuga FF / FL.
Porogaramu irashobora kandi gukora amakarita ya kontour, urukurikirane rw'imirongo yerekana uburebure butandukanye, bisa n'amakarita ya topografiya akoreshwa n'abashakashatsi hamwe na ba mukerarugendo. Ikarita ya kontour irakwiriye kohereza muri gahunda za CAD, akenshi usanga ari inshuti cyane gushushanya ubwoko bwamakuru. Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kuvugurura cyangwa guhindura ibibanza bihari. Rithm ya Navisworks irashobora kandi gusesengura amakuru no gutanga ibisubizo. Kurugero, Igikorwa cyo Gukata no Kuzuza kirashobora kukubwira umubare wibikoresho (nka sima yubutaka bwa sima) bikenewe kugirango wuzuze impera yanyuma yubutaka buriho butaringaniye kandi ubigire urwego. Hamwe na software ikora neza, amakuru arashobora gutangwa muburyo ukeneye.
Muburyo bwose bwo guta igihe kumishinga yubwubatsi, ahari kubabaza cyane ni ugutegereza. Kumenyekanisha ubwiza bwa etage imbere birashobora gukuraho ibibazo byingengabihe, gutegereza abajyanama ba gatatu gusesengura ijambo, gutegereza mugihe cyo gusesengura hasi, no gutegereza raporo zindi zitangwa. Kandi, byanze bikunze, gutegereza ijambo birashobora gukumira ibindi bikorwa byinshi byubwubatsi.
Kugira gahunda yubwishingizi bufite ireme birashobora gukuraho ubu bubabare. Mugihe ubikeneye, urashobora gusikana hasi muminota. Uzi igihe bizasuzumwa, kandi uzi igihe uzabona raporo ya ASTM E1155 (nyuma yiminota umwe). Gutunga iyi nzira, aho kwishingikiriza kubajyanama b'ishyaka rya 3, bivuze gutunga umwanya wawe.
Gukoresha laser kugirango usuzume uburinganire nuburinganire bwa beto nshya ni ibintu byoroshye kandi byoroshye.
2. Shyira scaneri hafi yicyiciro gishya hanyuma usuzume. Iyi ntambwe mubisanzwe isaba umwanya umwe gusa. Kubunini busanzwe bw'igice, gusikana bifata iminota 3-5.
4. Shyiramo "ikarita yubushyuhe" yerekana amakuru yo hasi kugirango umenye uduce tudasobanutse kandi dukeneye kuringanizwa cyangwa kuringanizwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-30-2021