Niba warigeze wicara kuri rubiya yo kuriramo inkweto, usuka vino mu kirahure kandi igutera gusunduka inyanya zo ku rundi ruhande rw'icyumba, uzamenya uko igorofa ritoroshye.
Ariko mu bubiko bw'ikirere, inganda, n'ibikoresho by'inganda, igorofa n'igorofa no ku rwego (FF / FL) bishobora kuba intsinzi cyangwa ikibazo cyo gutsindwa, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'inyubako igenewe gukoreshwa. No mu nyubako zisanzwe kandi zubucuruzi, hasi kuringaniye birashobora kugira ingaruka kumikorere, bigatera ibibazo bitwikiriye hasi nibibazo bishobora guteza akaga.
Urwego, hafi ya etage kumurongo wagenwe, hamwe nubunini, urwego rwo gutandukana hejuru duhereye ku ndege ebyiri, babaye ibisobanuro byingenzi mubwubatsi. Kubwamahirwe, uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima bushobora kumenya urwego no gukosora neza neza kuruta ijisho ryumuntu. Uburyo buhebuje butwemerera kubikora hafi ako kanya; Kurugero, mugihe bifatika bikomeje kandi birashobora gukosorwa mbere ikomeye. Igorofa ishimishije noneho byoroshye, byihuse, kandi byoroshye kubigenza kuruta mbere hose. Bimaze kugerwaho binyuze muburyo bidashoboka ko bihuza beto na mudasobwa.
Ubwo buryo bwo kuriramo bushobora kuba "bukemuwe" bwuzuye ukuguru hamwe na garbox, yuzuza neza ingingo ntoya hasi, nikibazo cyindege. Niba imigati yawe yazimye kumeza ubwayo, urashobora kandi guhangana nibibazo byo murwego.
Ariko ingaruka zo gukomera nurwego rugenda kure cyane. Tugarutse mu bubiko bw'ikirere-bay, hasi ntanganiye ntishobora gushyigikira neza ice-ndende-ndende-ndende hamwe na toni y'ibintu kuri yo. Irashobora gutera akaga kaca kubabikoresha cyangwa kuyinyuramo. Gutezimbere biheruka kububiko, amakamyo ya Pneumatic, yishingikiriza kurushaho kugororangingo, hasi. Ibi bikoresho byo kwitwarwa intoki birashobora kuzamura ibiro 750 bya pallet ya pallet no gukoresha indege zifunzwe kugirango ushyigikire uburemere bwose kugirango umuntu umwe ayisunike mu ntoki. Ikeneye igorofa cyane, iringaniye kugirango ikore neza.
Kugororoka nabyo ni ngombwa mu kibaho icyo ari cyo cyose kizaba gitwikiriye hasi gitwikiriye igorofa ipfukamo nk'ibuye cyangwa amabati. Ndetse nigifuniko cyoroshye nka vinyl composite (vct) zifite ikibazo cyurugendo rudafite ishingiro, rukunda guterura burundu cyangwa gutandukana ubumuga na bagiteri. Igorofa ya kera cyangwa nshya, iringaniye nibyiza.
Imiraba muri slab ya beto irashobora gushimirwa no gusya ingingo ndende, ariko umuzimu wumuraba urashobora gukomeza gutinda hasi. Uzahita ubibona mububiko bwububiko: hasi ni igorofa cyane, ariko irasa n'umurage munsi yintoki zituba.
Niba igorofa igenewe kugaragara - kurugero, yagenewe gukomera no gusya, ubuso bukomeza hamwe nibikoresho bimwe ni ngombwa. Kuzuza ibibanza hasi hamwe na fappings ntabwo ari amahitamo kuko bitazahuza. Ubundi buryo bwonyine ni ugushiramo amanota menshi.
Ariko gusya mu kibaho birashobora guhindura uburyo bifata kandi byerekana umucyo. Ubuso bwa beto bugizwe numucanga (igiteranyo cyiza), Urutare (Coarse Courmée) na sima. Iyo isahani itose ishyizwe, inzira ya trowel isunika umukondo uteranya ahantu hakomeye hejuru, hamwe nibikorwa byiza, sima irashirwaho hejuru. Ibi bibaho tutitaye kubimenye neza neza cyangwa bigoramye rwose.
Iyo usya 1/8 santimetero uhereye hejuru, uzakuraho ifu nziza nubudodo, ibikoresho byifu, hanyuma utangire kwerekana umucanga muri sima Paste Matte Matrix. Gusya kurushaho, kandi uzagaragaza igice cyambukiranya urutare kandi kinini. Niba usya gusa ku ngingo ndende, umucanga n'urutare bizagaragara muri utwo turere, kandi imirongo igaragara igaragara ituma aya manota menshi adapfa, ahatanira imirongo yoroshye ya ruganda aho ingingo nke ziherereye.
Ibara ryubuso bwumwimerere kiratandukanye nibice 1/8 santimetero cyangwa bike, kandi birashobora kwerekana urumuri ukundi. Imirongo y'amabara yoroheje isa ningingo ndende, kandi imirongo yijimye hagati yabo isa nkinkoni, ni ubuhe "abazimu" baboneka mu miraba. Betore yubutaka mubisanzwe iruta hejuru yumwimerere ya trowel yumwimerere, niko imirongo ishobora kubyitwaramo ukundi kuri Dyes na Strains, biragoye rero guhagarika ibibazo mugutangaza. Niba udasize imiraba mugihe cya beto yo kurangiza, barashobora kongera kukubabaza.
Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura FF / fl byabaye uburyo 10-bugororotse. Umutegetsi ashyirwa hasi, kandi niba hari icyuho kiri munsi yacyo, uburebure bwabyo buzapimwa. Kwihangana bisanzwe ni 1/8 santimetero.
Ubu buryo bwo gupima ibipimo byuzuye kandi burashobora kuba budahwitse, kuko abantu babiri basanzwe bapima uburebure bumwe muburyo butandukanye. Ariko ubu ni bwo buryo bwashizweho, kandi ibisubizo bigomba kwemerwa nk "byiza bihagije." Mu myaka ya za 70, ibi ntibyari bikiri byiza bihagije.
Kurugero, hagaragaye ububiko bwisumbuye-bay bwakoze FF / FR ifatika ni ngombwa. Mu 1979, Allen isura yateguye uburyo bwo gukoresha ibintu biranga ayo magorofa. Sisitemu ikunze kuvugwa nka numero igororotse, cyangwa kure cyane nkumwanya wa "hejuru yurubuga rwa sisitemu."
Isura nayo yateje imbere igikoresho cyo gupima imiterere, "hasi", izina ryumwirondoro ryabo ni dipstick.
Uburyo bwa sisitemu ya digitale no gupima ni ishingiro rya ASTM E1155, ryateguwe ku bufatanye n'ikigo cya Amerika gisanzwe (ACI), kugena uburyo bwo kwipimisha buringaniye na FL Igorofa.
Umwirondoro nigikoresho cyintoki cyemerera umukoresha kuzenguruka hasi no kubona amakuru yamakuru ya santimetero 12. Mu nyigisho, irashobora kwerekana amagorofa atagira akagero (niba ufite umwanya utagira iherezo utegereje kf / fl). Nubuhanga kuruta uburyo bwo kuyobora kandi bugereranya intangiriro yo gupima ihohoterwa rigezweho.
Ariko, umwirondoro ufite aho ugarukira. Ku ruhande rumwe, barashobora gukoreshwa gusa kuri beto. Ibi bivuze ko gutandukana kwabisobanuro bigomba gukosorwa nkumuhamagaro. Ahantu hirengeye hashobora kuba harahurizwa, ahantu hato birashobora kuzuzwa no gukwirakwizwa, ariko iyi ni akazi gakomeye, bizatwara amafaranga yigenga, kandi azafata umwanya wa vecrete. Byongeye kandi, igipimo ubwacyo ni inzira gahoro, kongeraho igihe kinini, kandi mubisanzwe bikorwa ninzobere za gatatu, zongeraho byinshi.
Gusikana laser byahinduye gukurikirana uburinganire nurwego rwiburyo. Nubwo uwari uwakaze amatariki asubira mu myaka ya za 1960, guhuza n'imihindagurikire yo gusikana ahazubakwa ari shyashya.
Scanner ya Laser ikoresha urumuri rwibanze cyane kugirango upime umwanya wibice byose byerekana, ntabwo ari hasi, ahubwo bisobanura hafi 360º amakuru agera kuri 360º Point Porte Hind no munsi yigikoresho. Irakira buri ngingo mumwanya itatu. Niba umwanya wa scaneri ufitanye isano numwanya wuzuye (nka GPS data), izi ngingo zirashobora gukurikizwa nkimyanya yihariye kuri iyi si.
Scanner data irashobora guhuzwa murugero rwibinyamakuru (bim). Irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye, nko gupima icyumba cyangwa no gukora icyitegererezo cya mudasobwa yubatswe. Kuri ff / fl kubahiriza, gusiba laser bifite ibyiza byinshi kubipimo bya mashini. Kimwe mubyiza bikomeye nuko bishobora gukorwa mugihe beto iracyari ishyari kandi ikoreshwa.
Scaneri yanditse amanota 300.000 kugeza ku 2000 kugeza ku masomo ya kabiri kandi mubisanzwe ikora kuminota 1 kugeza 10, bitewe nubucucike bwamakuru. Umuvuduko wacyo wihuta cyane, gukomera no kurwego rwibihe birashobora ako kanya nyuma yo kugereranya, kandi birashobora gukosorwa mbere yuko slab igasangira. Mubisanzwe: Kuringaniza, gusikana, kongera gukoresha nibiba ngombwa, kongera gusikana, kongera gukoresha nibiba ngombwa, bisaba iminota mike. Ntabwo uzongera gusya no kuzuza, ntazongera guhamagarwa. Ifasha imashini imaze kurangiza gutanga urwego rwurwego rwambere. Igihe n'ibiciro byo kuzigama bifite akamaro.
Kuva abategetsi kugeza kuri pleacers to Laser Scanners, siyanse yo gupima hasi ubungubu yinjiye mu gisekuru cya gatatu; Turabyita igihome 3.0. Ugereranije n'umutegetsi w'ibirenge 10, guhanga umwirondoro byerekana gusimbuka gukomeye mu buryo burambuye. Scanners ya laser ntabwo irushaho kunoza neza kandi ibisobanuro, ariko kandi byerekana ubwoko butandukanye bwo gusimbuka.
Byombi Umwirondoro na Laser bashoboye birashobora kugera kubintu bisabwa na etage yuyu munsi. Ariko, ugereranije na proflers, scanning ya laser irazamura akabari ukurikije umuvuduko wo gupima, amakuru arambuye, nuburyo bwimikorere nibisubizo byibisubizo. Umwirondoro ukoresha incinometer kugirango ukwirakwize uburebure, nikihe gikoresho gipima inguni ugereranije nindege itambitse. Umwirondoro ni agasanduku gifite ibirenge bibiri hepfo, santimetero 12 zitandukanye, hamwe nigikoresho kirekire umukoresha ashobora gufata mugihe ahagaze. Umuvuduko wumwirondoro ugarukira kumuvuduko wibikoresho.
Umukoresha agenda ku kibaho kumurongo ugororotse, yimura igikoresho cya santimetero 12 icyarimwe, ubusanzwe intera ya buri rugendo angana nubugari bwicyumba. Bisaba kwiruka byinshi mubyerekezo byombi kugirango urundanyirize ibyitegererezo byingenzi byujuje ibyangombwa byamakuru ya ASTM. Igikoresho gipima inguni zihagaritse kuri buri ntambwe kandi ihindura iyi mfuruka mu mpinduka zagati. Umwirondoro nawo afite igihe ntarengwa: Irashobora gukoreshwa gusa nyuma ya beto yakomantaye.
Gusesengura hasi mubisanzwe bikorwa na serivisi yundi muntu. Bagenda hasi batanga raporo ejobundi cyangwa nyuma. Niba raporo yerekana ibibazo byose byo hejuru bitabisobanuro, bigomba gukosorwa. Birumvikana, kuri beto bigoye, amahitamo yo gutunganya agarukira kugirango asya cyangwa yuzuze hejuru, akeka ko atari ibintu bifatika byashyizwe ahagaragara. Ibi bikorwa byombi birashobora gutera gutinda iminsi myinshi. Noneho, hasi igomba kumvikana kugirango arubahirize inyandiko.
Scanners ya Laser ikora vuba. Bapima kumuvuduko wurumuri. Scanner ya laser ikoresha kwerekana laser kugirango shakisha ubuso bwose bugaragara. Bisaba amakuru yamakuru murwego rwa 0.1-0.5.
Buri scanner data point yerekana umwanya mumwanya wa 3d kandi irashobora kugaragara kuri mudasobwa, nkicyitegererezo cya 3D. Gusikana laser ikusanya amakuru menshi kugirango ibitekerezo bisa nkifoto. Niba bikenewe, aya makuru ntashobora gukora gusa ikarita yuburebure hasi, ariko kandi yerekana birambuye ku cyumba cyose.
Bitandukanye n'amafoto, birashobora kuzunguruka kugirango werekane umwanya mubi. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugupima neza umwanya, cyangwa kugereranya ibintu byubatswe hamwe nigishushanyo cyangwa icyitegererezo cyubwubatsi. Ariko, nubwo hari amakuru manini yamakuru, scaneri yihuta cyane, yandika amanota agera kuri miliyoni 2 kumasegonda. Gusikana byose mubisanzwe bifata iminota mike.
Igihe gishobora gutsinda amafaranga. Iyo usuka kandi urangize ibintu bitose, igihe nikintu cyose. Bizagira ingaruka ku ireme rihoraho rya Slab. Igihe gisabwa hasi kugirango kirangire kandi cyiteguye igice gishobora guhindura igihe cyibindi bitatu kurubuga rwakazi.
Mugihe ushyira hasi, hafi yigihe gito cyamakuru ya laser scanning yagira ingaruka nini kumiterere yo kugera ku bukonje. Ff / fl irashobora gusuzumwa no gutondekwa kumpera nziza yo kubaka hasi: Mbere yo gukomera. Ibi bifite urukurikirane rwingaruka zingirakamaro. Ubwa mbere, irakuraho gutegereza hasi kurangiza imirimo yo gukosora, bivuze ko hasi itazatwara abandi basigaye.
Niba ushaka gukoresha umwirondoro kugirango ugenzure hasi, ugomba kubanza gutegereza hasi gukomera, hanyuma utegure serivise yumwirondoro kurubuga rwo gupima, hanyuma utegereze raporo ya ASTM e1155. Ugomba noneho gutegereza ibibazo byose bigororotse bigomba gukosorwa, hanyuma utegure hamwe isesengura, hanyuma utegereze raporo nshya.
Gusikana laser bibaho mugihe icyapa gishyizwe, kandi ikibazo gikemuka mugihe cya beto. Slabu irashobora gusikana ako kanya nyuma yo kunangira kugirango yubahirizwe, kandi raporo irashobora kuzuzwa kumunsi umwe. Kubaka birashobora gukomeza.
Gusikana laser bigufasha kugera hasi vuba bishoboka. Irema kandi ubuso nyabwo buhoraho nubunyangamugayo. Isahani iringaniye kandi yo murwego izagira ubuso bumwe ubwo buracyakoreshwa kuruta isahani igomba gucika intege cyangwa kugenwa nukwuzuza. Bizagira isura ihamye. Bizagira uburozi bumwe hejuru yubuso, bushobora kugira ingaruka kubisubizo, abifata, no kuvura hejuru. Niba ubuso busenyutse bwo kwanduza no gusya, bizagaragaza ibikorwa byinshi hirya no hasi, kandi ubuso burashobora gusubiza buri gihe kandi byakabwo byarakaye no gusoza ibikorwa.
Scanners ya laser ikusanya amanota ya miriyoni, ariko ntakindi, ingingo muburyo butatu. Kubikoresha, ukeneye software ishobora kuyitunganya ikabaha. Porogaramu ya Scanner ihuza amakuru muburyo butandukanye bwingirakamaro kandi birashobora gutangwa kuri mudasobwa igendanwa kurubuga rwakazi. Itanga uburyo itsinda ryubwubatsi bwo kwiyumvisha hasi, garagaza ibibazo byose, bikareba ahantu nyabwo hasi, hanyuma tuvuge umubare ugomba kumanurwa cyangwa kwiyongera. Igihe nyacyo.
Porogaramu ya software nka Rithm ya Clearetge3d ya Navisworks itanga uburyo butandukanye bwo kureba amakuru yimpano. Rithm yo muri Navisworks irashobora kwerekana "ikarita yubushyuhe" yerekana uburebure bwiburyo butandukanye. Irashobora kwerekana amakarita ya kontour, isa n'amakarita ya topografiya yakozwe nabashakashatsi, aho umurongo wa Roses usobanura inzitizi zihoraho. Irashobora kandi gutanga ASTM e1155-ibyangombwa byujuje ibisanzwe mumunsi.
Hamwe nibi biranga muri software, scaneri irashobora gukoreshwa neza kubikorwa bitandukanye, ntabwo ari urwego hasi. Itanga icyitegererezo cyapimwe cyimiterere yubatswe ishobora koherezwa mubindi bikorwa. Kugirango imishinga yo kuvugurura, ibishushanyo byubatswe birashobora kugereranywa namateka yashushanyije kugirango afashe kumenya niba hari impinduka. Irashobora kurenga igishushanyo gishya kugirango ifashe kwiyumvisha impinduka. Mu nyubako nshya, birashobora gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane ko guhuzagurika hamwe nubushake.
Hashize imyaka 40, ikibazo gishya cyinjiye mu ngo z'abantu benshi. Kuva icyo gihe, iki kibazo cyahindutse ikimenyetso cyubuzima bwa kijyambere. Porogaramu za porogaramu za porogaramu (VCR) zihatira abaturage basanzwe kwiga gusabana na sisitemu yinda ya digitale. Guhumbya "12h00, 12h00, 12h00" bya miriyoni zamateka yifata amajwi adaharanira inyungu byerekana ingorane zo kwiga iyi interineti.
Buri software nshya ya software ifite umurongo wo kwiga. Niba ubikora murugo, urashobora gusenya umusatsi numuvumo nkuko bikenewe, kandi amashuri makuru azaba akujyana umwanya munini nyuma ya saa sita. Niba wize interineti nshya kumurimo, bizadindiza indi mirimo myinshi kandi birashobora kuganisha kumakosa ahenze. Ibintu byiza byo kumenyekanisha paki nshya ya software ni ugukoresha interineti yakoreshejwe cyane.
Ni ubuhe buryo bwihuse bwo kwiga porogaramu nshya ya mudasobwa? Uwo usanzwe uzi. Byatwaye imyaka irenga icumi yo kubaka amakuru yerekana amakuru kugirango ashizwe mubaganga n'abagabo, ariko ubu bahageze. Byongeye kandi, no kuba imiterere isanzwe yo gukwirakwiza ibyangombwa byubwubatsi, byabaye ngombwa cyane kubashoramari kurubuga.
Ihuriro ririho ririho ku rubuga rw'ubwubatsi rutanga umuyoboro witeguye wo gutangiza porogaramu nshya (nka software Scanner). Umurongo wo kwiga wabaye igorofa kuko abitabiriye ibyingenzi basanzwe bamenyereye urubuga. Bakeneye gusa kwiga ibintu bishya bishobora gukurwa muriyo, kandi barashobora gutangira gukoresha amakuru mashya yatanzwe na porogaramu byihuse, nkamakuru Scanner. Gukaraba3d yabonye amahirwe yo gukora scaneri yubahwa cyane ya Scanner Ranith Isaba Ahantu hashobora kuba ihuza na Navisworks. Nkimwe mubice byakoreshejwe cyane byumushinga wakoreshejwe, Autodesk Navisworks yabaye ibipimo bya de motto. Ari ku bibanza byo kubaka mu gihugu hose. Noneho, irashobora kwerekana amakuru ya scaneri kandi ifite uburyo butandukanye.
Iyo scanner ikusanya amamiriyoni yamakuru, ni ingingo zose mumwanya wa 3d. Porogaramu ya Scanner nka Rithm kubikoreshwa na Navisworks ishinzwe kwerekana aya makuru muburyo ushobora gukoresha. Irashobora kwerekana ibyumba nkibintu byamakuru, ntabwo ari ugusikana gusa, ahubwo ni ubukana (umucyo) wo gutekereza hamwe nibara ryubuso, nuko kureba bisa nifoto.
Ariko, urashobora kuzunguruka kureba no kureba umwanya uva kumurimo wose, uzerera hafi ya 3D, ndetse ukabipima. Kuri ff / fl, kimwe mubitekerezo bizwi cyane kandi byingirakamaro ni ikarita yubushyuhe, yerekana hasi muri gahunda. Ingingo ndende hamwe ningingo nke zitangwa mumabara atandukanye (rimwe na rimwe bita ibara ryibara ryibinyoma), kurugero, umutuku ugereranya ingingo nini nubururu byerekana ingingo nke.
Urashobora gukora ibipimo nyabyo bivuye ku ikarita yubushyuhe kugirango umenye neza umwanya uhuye neza. Niba scan yerekana ibibazo byo gukonjesha, ikarita yubushyuhe ninzira yihuse yo kuyibona ikabikosora, kandi niyo yashishikajwe no kurubuga ff / fl isesengura.
Porogaramu irashobora kandi gukora amakarita ya kontour, urukurikirane rwimirongo uhagarariye uburebure butandukanye, bisa namakarita ya topografiya yakoreshejwe nabashakashatsi nabakerarugendo. Ikarita ya kontour irakwiriye koherezwa muri gahunda za Cad, akenshi zinshuti cyane zo gushushanya amakuru. Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kuvugurura cyangwa guhindura imyanya iriho. Rithm yo muri Navisworks irashobora kandi gusesengura amakuru kandi utange ibisubizo. Kurugero, imikorere yo gukata irashobora kukubwira ibikoresho (nko kumvikana hejuru) birakenewe kugirango wuzuze impera yinyuma yigihugu kitaringaniye hanyuma ugire urwego. Hamwe na software nziza ya Scanner, amakuru arashobora gutangwa muburyo ukeneye.
Muburyo bwose bwo guta igihe mumishinga yo kubaka, birashoboka ko ibabaza cyane irategereje. Kumenyekanisha Igorofa Ibyiringiro imbere birashobora gukuraho ibibazo byateganijwe, utegereje abajyanama-abandi bakurikira gusesengura hasi, bategereje mugihe basesenguye hasi, bagategereza raporo yinyongera yatanzwe. Kandi, birumvikana ko gutegereza hasi bishobora kubuza ibindi bikorwa byinshi byubwubatsi.
Kugira inzira yawe yubuziranenge irashobora gukuraho ubu bubabare. Mugihe ubikeneye, urashobora gusuzugura hasi muminota. Uzi igihe kizagenzurwa, kandi uzi igihe uzabona raporo ya ASTM e1155 (hafi iminota imwe). Gutunga iyi nzira, aho kwishingikiriza ku bajyanama b'ishyaka rya 3, bisobanura gutunga igihe.
Gukoresha laser kugirango usuzume neza kandi urwego rwa beto nshya ni akazi koroshye kandi byoroshye.
2. Shyiramo scaneri hafi yigice gishya gishyirwa ahagaragara. Iyi ntambwe isaba gusa gushyiramo kimwe. Kubunini busanzwe, scan mubisanzwe ifata iminota 3-5.
4. Fata "Ikarita yubushyuhe" yerekana amakuru yo hasi kugirango umenye ahantu hatagaragara kandi ko bigomba gucibwa cyangwa gucibwa.
Igihe cya nyuma: Kanama-29-2021